Determinants of Depression in Jail Environment: A Cross-Sectional Study of Female Prisoners in Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Depression among female prisoners remains unexplored in Pakistan, particularly regarding how prison environment and other factors interact as determinants, requiring context specific evidence to inform targeted mental health interventions.

Objectives: The study investigates the frequency of depression among female prisoners in Kot Lakhpat Jail, Lahore, Pakistan and examine factors associated with depression including the jail environment.

Methods:  This cross-sectional study was conducted at Kot Lakhpat Jail, Lahore, Pakistan with female inmates residing in jail. The duration of study was three months from 1st May to 31st July 2023. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to recruit the participants. With Institutional Review Board approval, 104 willing participants were surveyed using PHQ-9 scale.  The demographic variables and depression level were analyzed using SPSS 28.

Results: The statistical analysis revealed that 16.3 % of females exhibited minimum depression while 6.7% suffered severe depression. Higher education levels ((OR = 1.167, p = 0.030)) and low (OR = 4.221, p = 0.048) and moderate social support (OR = 3.219, p = 0.041) as significant determinants increasing odds of depression. Being a convicted prisoner decreased the odds of depression. Logistic Regression identified significant determinants of depression associated factors.

Conclusion: The study reveals higher education levels and low to moderate social support as significant determinants of depression requiring targeted interventions. These interventions include vocational training, advanced teaching programs, teaching and learning opportunities, peer support groups, library access, skill development and recreational activities. Cognitive behavioral therapy services are required for ongoing support for female prisoners.